Why is Iron Important in Children?

Author: Dr. Babitha Pulikkathody, General Paediatrician

Why does our body need Iron?

Iron is an essential mineral that plays a key role in numerous vital bodily functions, especially during childhood:

• Oxygen transport: component of haemoglobin carrying oxygen to tissues
• Brain development: supports cognitive function and learning
• Immune system function: helps maintain immune health
• Energy production: required for ATP production; deficiency causes fatigue

What is Iron Deficiency?

Iron deficiency occurs when the body does not have enough iron to meet its needs. It can lead to iron deficiency anaemia, delayed growth and development, cognitive and behavioural issues, and weakened immunity.

How Much Iron Does a Child Need?

• Infants 0 - 6 months: 0.27 mg (AI)
• Infants 7 - 12 months: 11 mg (RDA)
• Children 1 - 3 years: 7 mg
• Children 4 - 8 years: 10 mg
• Children 9 - 13 years: 8 mg
• Adolescent girls 14 - 18 years: 15 mg
• Adolescent boys 14 - 18 years: 11 mg

What Causes Iron Deficiency in Children?

Inadequate Dietary Intake

Insufficient iron-rich foods, especially in picky eaters or restrictive diets.

Poor Absorption of Iron

Conditions such as coeliac disease or IBD, or some medications, can interfere with absorption.

Increased Iron Needs

Rapid growth periods and higher physical activity may increase requirements.

Blood Loss

Gastrointestinal bleeding or heavy menstrual periods in adolescents can deplete stores.

Exclusive Breastfeeding without Iron Supplementation

Breast milk contains only small amounts of iron; without iron-rich complementary foods after 6 months, deficiency can develop.

Good Sources of Iron in the Diet for Children

Heme Iron Sources (Animal-Based)

• Red meat: beef, lamb, liver
• Fish & shellfish: sardines, salmon, tuna, oysters, mussels
• Eggs (particularly the yolk)

Non-Heme Iron Sources (Plant-Based)

• Legumes, tofu and tempeh
• Fortified cereals and grains
• Dark leafy greens, nuts and seeds, dried fruits, sweet potatoes, whole grains

Boosting Iron Absorption

Pair iron-rich foods with vitamin C-rich foods such as citrus fruits, strawberries, capsicum, tomatoes, broccoli and potatoes.

Avoiding Inhibitors of Iron Absorption

• Calcium (dairy) competing for absorption
• Tannins in tea and coffee
• Phytates in whole grains and legumes (soaking/cooking can help)

Signs of Iron Deficiency in Children

• Unusual fatigue or weakness
• Pale skin and mucous membranes
• Irritability or mood changes
• Reduced appetite; slow weight gain
• Difficulty concentrating; cold hands and feet
• Rapid heartbeat or shortness of breath with activity
• Craving non-food substances (pica)

How to Prevent Iron Deficiency

• Provide a variety of heme and non-heme iron-rich foods
• Consider iron-fortified foods for picky eaters
• Monitor growth at regular paediatric check-ups
• Use supplements only when advised by your paediatrician
• Encourage a balanced diet with protein, healthy fats and vitamins

Conclusion

Iron is essential for proper growth and development. If you are concerned about your child's iron levels, consult a paediatrician for personalised guidance and testing if needed.

References

• WHO - Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control (2001)
• American Academy of Pediatrics - Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children (2020)
• NIH - Iron Fact Sheet for Health Professionals (2020)